Holidays: The Days of Awe and Sukkot: Parallel Lines

by Rav Shlomo Yosef Veitzen, Rabbi of Psagot, yeshiva.org.il, translated by Hillel Fendel.

We are about to embark on the High Holidays, also known as the Days of Awe: the New Year day of judgement, and the Yom Kippur day of atonement. Five days after that, a week of joy begins, with the holidays of Sukkot and Simchat Torah, the Rejoicing of the Law. How do we make sense of this progression from solemnity to joy?

The days of happiness that follow the Days of Awe fill the pockets of emptiness that were left in our souls during the process of teshuvah (repentance). What is interesting, though, is that when we had the Holy Temple and were able to bring offerings to G-d, this long-awaited joy was not so evident. On Sukkot we were commanded not to finally engage in our happiness – but rather to bring a long series of 70 sacrifices. And the sacrifices weren't even for us! Instead, they were for the 70 nations of the world. Only on the day after the week-long holiday did G-d say to us: "Please remain for another day, so that you and I can rejoice just us together" – and we bring one extra offering for the occasion. Why just one little feast for us to be alone with our Creator and Redeemer?

Perhaps we can explain that the days of joy correspond to the days of awe that precede them. Rosh HaShanah is the new year for the entire world, whose entire population is judged in the Divine court – "all of mankind passes before Him" in judgement, as we say in the prayers of the day. But Yom Kippur is a day that is totally "Israelite," a special day that atones for the Jewish Nation. 

Sukkot follows the same pattern: The week begins with days in which we bring sacrifices for the world and analyze our relationship to the other peoples, and only at its end is revealed our private aspect of "a nation that will dwell alone, and will not be reckoned among the nations" (Bamidbar 23,9). These are the two ways in which we perceive Am Yisrael: sometimes as the heart of the universal human body, and sometimes as the independent nation standing alone.

How then can we define the relationship between Israel and the nations? On Rosh HaShanah, all the nations, including Israel, begin on an even keel – but our entire job on that day is to begin a process of disengagement. We must show in every way possible that we are different than them. We recite on this day a special prayer of Malchuyot, Zikhronot, and Shofarot – enthroning G-d over us, beseeching Him to remember us for good, and recalling the historic national occasions of His majestic presence on which the shofar was and will be sounded (at the Giving of the Torah on Mt. Sinai, when the Exiles return, when the Holy Temple is rebuilt, etc.).

The paragraphs of this prayer begin with the nations and continue with Israel. In Malchuyot we begin with, "Place Your awe over all Your creations," but we quickly move to, "Bring honor to Your nation" and "the righteous will see and rejoice." 

In Zikhronot, we begin with the covenant that G-d forged with the children of Noach, and then continue with, "Please remember the Binding of Yitzchak for the merit of Yaakov's descendants."

And Shofarot begins with a prayer for "all the inhabitants of the world," quickly changing over to "He hears the shofar blasts of His nation Israel with mercy."

But on Sukkot, we change the program and we begin to "re-engage" and offer up 70 sacrificial bulls to atone for the nations. The great Sukkot joy that follows the Days of Awe is not the joy of individuals, nor is it egotistical happiness, but rather rejoicing for all, a happiness stemming from the desire to be good to all. 

The 70 bulls that we bring decrease in number each day: 13 on the first day, 12 on the next, and so on, until the seventh day, when we bring seven. This is an expression of the fact that the nations of the world are diminishing. But we are clearly not rejoicing over this, for we are bringing sacrifices precisely to atone for them! What then is the significance of the decreasing number of bulls? 

The answer lies in a profound distinction between Israel and the nations. For the Jewish People, it is precisely the disengaging and the inward-looking that makes us into a better nation, of higher quality. But for the nations of the world, the process works in reverse: The more the nations are invested deeply into themselves and only themselves, the more they harm their environment. On the other hand, the more they diminish their own national character and engage more in contributing to the world as a whole, the more they can refine their individual coarse strengths.

This is why the rectification of the nations is not when they disappear from the face of the earth, but rather when they reduce their specific national focus. The goal of the 70 nations must be to "de-nationalize," to strive for the entire world to be, spiritually, "one nation, one language." We pray for a time when "everyone who has breath in his nostrils will say that the G-d of Israel is King, and His Kingship rules over all." 

We conclude by noting that the Zohar, too, makes this point. It explains that the "way of holiness is to begin with separation and end with connection; the way of impurity begins with connection, but ends with separation."

Nitzavim - Vayelech: The Dual Method of Leadership

by Rav Moshe Leib HaCohen Halbershtat, founder and head of the Yoru Program for the Training of Rabbis and Community Leaders, yeshiva.org.il, translated by Hillel Fendel.

The Torah tells us two seemingly contradictory things in this week's Torah portion of Vayelech (which we read together with Nitzavim), regarding the appointment of Yehoshua bin Nun as the successor to Moshe Rabbeinu. In D'varim 31,7, we read that the new leader will "come with this nation into the land that G-d promised their forefathers." Sixteen verses later, we read that G-d told Yehoshua, "Be strong and brave, for you will bring the Children of Israel into the land…" 

So which is it: Will Yehoshua come with them, as one among many, or will he lead them?

Rashi explains (based on Sanhedrin 8a) that Moshe said that Yehoshua should come with the elders and consult with them – but G-d later "corrected" Moshe and said that Yehoshua must be the undisputed leader, with the elders subservient to him.

It thus appears that Moshe made up his own mind, after which G-d came and "tweaked" his approach. This jibes with the Gemara (Megillah 31b) that tells us that the book of D'varim – comprised mostly of Moshe's parting speech to Israel before his death – was Moshe's own words: "Moshe said them from his own mouth." 

But it seems not to jibe at all with a different passage in the Talmud (Sanhedrin 99a), which states very firmly: "Whoever says that even just one verse in the Torah was not stated originally by G-d is considered as one who has "scorned the word of the Lord" (Bamidbar 15,31), which the Torah says there is deserving of karet!  

The Tosafot in Megillah resolved the contradiction in a straightforward manner, explaining that when it is said that Moshe said D'varim "from his own mouth," it means that he spoke with ruach hakodesh, a spirit of prophecy.

Let us elaborate on this. The famous Maggid of Dubna wrote that he asked his great teacher the Vilna Gaon: "What is the difference between the first four books of the Holy Torah and the Book of D'varim?" The Gaon answered him as follows: 

"The first four were heard by G-d Himself through the throat of Moshe – while D'varim was heard by all of Israel in the same way they heard the other prophets after Moshe. That is, G-d would tell the prophet something today, and the next day the prophet went and recounted the vision to Israel. As such, when the prophet spoke to the nation, the Divine voice had already left him – and the same is true for the Book of D'varim when Moshe spoke it to Israel."

Rav Chaim of Volozhin explained it somewhat differently. He wrote in Nefesh HaChaim (3,14) that Moshe Rabbeinu worked so intensely on reaching the highest levels of "unification" (yichud) with G-d that we see in the second passage of Kriat Shma that Moshe said: "… you must love Hashem your G-d and serve Him with all your heart, and I will give you rain in your land…" That is, he was on such a high level that he canceled himself out from physical reality altogether and only the Shechina spoke from his throat. As is written, 'Mouth to mouth I will speak within [and not to!] him' – within him literally. 

That is, Moshe was not on the level of "simple" prophets, but was rather on a much higher level in which the Divine Presence spoke "within Moshe's throat." 

Either way, all agree that Moshe's words were not his own, but were rather those of the Living G-d, stated by Moshe with a spirit of prophecy – either regular prophecy, or an even higher level. This returns us to our original question: How could it be that G-d rejected Moshe's words about how Yehoshua should lead the people, if the words of Moshe are precisely those of G-d!?

It appears to me that we must explain that the above-cited Rashi [in the name of the Gemara] did not mean that Moshe had a different approach than G-d. Rather, Moshe's words were also those of G-d – and the Torah is telling us that Moshe gave Yehoshua one idea as to how to lead the nation, and G-d added another approach, in order to teach us that in general, a leader must have both of these.

That is, on the one hand, a leader who does not consult with others, and especially the elders and wise men of the generation, is liable to quickly become a dictator, with all of the negative ramifications thereof. So said Moshe. But at the same time, Hashem then adds, though this is very valuable advice, a leader must also lead! He may not only take advice from others, for then he could easily become dependent upon them, who will then become leaders themselves! As the Gemara says: "There must be only one dabar, spokesman/leader." This is liable to lead to disputes and strife, and the danger that "G-d's congregation will like a flock with no shepherd" (Bamidbar 27,17). G-d then told Yehoshua that while Moshe is correct in principle, he must also keep in mind the dangers of that approach, and to use his best judgement as to when to listen to the elders and when not. In the end, he must be the sole leader!

We thus learn from the words of the holy Torah two important principles in leadership that supplement each other. There must be teamwork, cooperation, listening, and even following the advice of others many times. But there must also be a sense that the leader is solely in charge, and he must not allow himself to be dragged after the opinions of others, which might be motivated by wrong considerations. He must carefully balance the different ideas that are proposed, and thus lead the nation along the straight path in order to reach the desired goal. 

Shabbat Shalom!

Holidays: If Not Now: The Power Of Prayer

by Rav Zalman Melamed, Rosh Yeshivat Beit El, yeshiva.org.il, translated by Hillel Fendel.

Our Sages of the Medrash tell us how great is the power of prayer before G-d. In Medrash Rabba to Parashat Nitzavim we read: 

"Great is prayer before the Holy One, blessed be He. R. Elazar said: "Would you like to know the power of prayer? If it [the [prayer] does not accomplish all of [what the worshiper is requesting], it accomplishes half of it. [For instance,] Cain stood against his brother Abel and killed him, whereupon a [Divine] edict was issued: “You shall be itinerant [Heb.: na] and restless [nad] in the land” (B'reshit 4,12). 

"Immediately, Cain confessed his sin before G-d: "My iniquity is too great to bear” (verse 13). Cain said, "Master of the universe, You bear the entire world, but you cannot bear me? For [among Your attributes of mercy are]: “Bearing iniquity and overlooking transgression” (Micah 7,18) – [please therefore] pardon my iniquity, which is great.’ 

"Cain then found mercy before G-d, and the “itinerant” half of the edict was withdrawn, as is written: “[Cain] resided in the land of Nod” (B'reshit 4,16). [That is, he no longer had to wander; however, his place of residence was Nod, which represents the second half of the decree.] From here you learn that prayer is great before the Holy One, blessed be He.

 

"Likewise King Chizkiyahu: When the prophet said to him: “Instruct your household, as you will [now] die” (Yeshayahu 38,1), the king immediately "turned his face to the wall [and prayed to G-d]” (verse 2). G-d then said to him: “I have heard your prayer… behold, I am adding fifteen years to your days” (verse 5) [that is, he was not die right then, but rather 15 years later]. As is written: “He grants the wishes of those who fear Him, and He hears their cry and saves them” (Tehillim145,19)."

The Talmud in Tractate Taanit cites several stories regarding the efficacy of prayer. For instance, Rebbe once declared a public fast because there had been no rain, and although the people fasted, there continued to be no rain. A man named Ilfa arose to lead the prayers, and as soon as he said "G-d makes the wind blow," the wind started to blow, and when he said "G-d brings rain," rain began to fall. Rebbe asked him: "What do you do? What is the source of the strength of your prayers?" Ilfa answered, "I bring wine for Kiddush and Havdalah to my poor neighbors and I recite the blessings for them."

The Talmud further recounts that when Rav came to a place where there was a drought, he declared a fast, but rain did not fall. A man arose to lead the prayers, and the same thing as above happened. Rav asked him, "What do you do?" The man answered, "I teach children, and the children of the poor as if they were children of the rich; whoever cannot pay, I do not charge him. I also have fish pools, and if a pupil is too lazy to learn, I get him to learn by giving him some of my fish until he is appeased and is drawn to the studies." 

This is the high level of the righteous: "The righteous man decrees, and G-d fulfills," as is written, "You [one who prays to G-d] will decree, and it will be accomplished for you" (Iyov/Job 22,28). 

This strength is found not only among the righteous, but is also hidden within every Jew. For every man has some level, even if not a high one, of a tzaddik, as is written: "Your nation - all of them are tzaddikim" Yeshayahu 60,21), and their prayers are  accepted. 

Our teacher HaRav Kook said that it will yet be revealed in the world how great is the power of prayer of Israel, to the point that the entire world will come to the Jewish People to request this force, and that this is as is written: "For My house will be called a House of Prayer for all the peoples" (Yeshayahu 56,7). 

May G-d grant that our prayers be accepted before the Master of All, the G-d of Israel, and that this coming year be one of goodness, redemption, and salvation.

Ki Tetzei: Family-Foundation of the Nation's Life

by Rav David Chai HaCohen, Rosh Yeshivat Netivot Yisrael in Bat Yam, yeshiva.org.il, translated by Hillel Fendel.

This week's Torah portion of Ki Tetze (D'varim 21,10-25,19) deals with several family-related issues, and therefore provides a welcome opportunity to discuss the importance of family life in Jewish national identity.

The Torah emphasizes the family sanctity beginning with the husband and wife, and from there we expand our view and reveal the value of family for the construction of the entire Jewish nation. The recognition that proper family life serves as an important infrastructure for the nation's future is manifest in the various mitzvot that pertain to the proper way to establish it. 

Firstly, incest and other illicit relations that cause mamzerut – the illegitimacy of the offspring – are forbidden. The wholeness and integrity of a Jew depends on ensuring a known connection between his special link and the continuing national chain that goes family after family all the way back to the nation's forefathers. The Torah thus warned that one should not take his father's wife [or other relatives, or a married woman], thus blurring the clear succession of whole families, which continue branch after branch, generation after generation, in purity.

In the wake of these and other prohibitions, the clear conclusion is that "a mamzer may not enter the community of G-d" (23,3) [in marriage, though not in other societal frameworks].  The exclusion of the mamzer – the word itself implies foreignness (zar) – indicates the character of appropriate Israelite life, wherein children know their parents and they each relate to one another within a family structure that includes love and educational responsibility. Such relations do not exist when the family unit is broken by moral promiscuity. In this context we see how individual family matters relate to the life of the nation as a whole – for how can responsibility vis-à-vis the nation be taught when even the family societal unit is in ruins?

Amon and Moav: Ensuring Israel's Morality 

In this light the Torah also instructs us to stay away from the (now non-existing) Amonite and Moavite peoples and not marry into them; they must be excluded from G-d's community. This is because our post-Exodus history showed us the depths of depravity to which these nations deteriorated. They did not show us even a modicum of humanity and compassion when we left Egypt and needed their help. Their ungratefulness and other negative traits stand in stark opposition to the basic character of Israel that began with our forefathers, marked by "compassion, non-arrogance, and kindness" (Tr. Yevamot 79a).

It's true that other nations warred with us at various times in our history as recorded in the Torah – but none targeted our spirit and character as did Amon and Moav. This is why we are commanded to distance the latter "for even ten generations" (23,4), whereas Edomites and Egyptians we "must not despise" (verse 8) - for they are our brothers and hosted us, respectively; they may marry Jews after three generations and after having converted to Judaism. 

After this clarification regarding the attributes of compassion and kindness that are appropriate for the nation that left Egypt and merited to receive G-d's kindness, the Torah portion continues with a series of laws of justice. These include how to properly, and even compassionately, administer the punishment of stripes, and more. {But these take us far afield from our specific topic; as Hillel the Elder said, "The remainder – go and study."]

Holidays: Preparing to Return

by Former Chief Rabbi of Israel, Rav Avraham Shapira ZT"L, yeshiva.org.il, translated by Hillel Fendel.

The month of Elul prepares us, as it did in the Sinai Desert, for the Day of Judgement, Rosh HaShanah.

These days of the month of Elul are days of preparation for the Day of Judgement on Rosh HaShanah. This is learned from the Children of Israel's 40 days of preparations to receive the Second Tablets of the Law (after Moshe Rabbeinu broke the first set, in the wake of the Sin of the Golden Calf) – beginning on the first day of Elul when Moshe ascended the mountain for the second time. As it was then, so it has continued every year since then, for 3,336 years.

The preparations for teshuvah (repentance) are themselves a stage in the teshuvah process. Our very willingness to check ourselves and review carefully all of our deeds is itself an important rung on the ascending ladder of teshuvah. 

We find strong support for this concept in the story of Eliyahu the Prophet on Mt. Carmel. As recorded in Kings I, Chapter 18, the nation was wavering between belief in G-d and following false gods such as Baal. Eliyahu conducted a miraculous competition with the false prophets of the day, showing that his sacrifice – and not theirs - would be accepted by G-d and set on Divine fire without any human aid. 

Eliyahu introduced the contest by approaching the people with these words: 

"Until when will you hop between two ideas? If Hashem is G-d, go after Him, and if the Baal, then go after him." And the people did not answer him.

Eliyahu then said to the assembled: 

"Have them [the 450 prophets of Baal] give us two bulls. They will choose one bull for themselves, and cut it up and place it on the wood [to be burnt as a sacrifice] - but they shall not put any fire there. And I will prepare [the other] bull, and I will put it on the wood, and I [too] will not place fire.

"And you [the 450] will call in the name of your deity, and I will call in the name of Hashem, and [whoever] answers with fire - He is God." And all of the people answered and said, "The thing is good." 

As we know, G-d rained down fire only upon Eliyahu's sacrifice, showing His acceptance of it, while that of the false prophets remained untouched. The Jerusalem Talmud teaches (Taanit 3,4) that this miracle occurred in the merit of the People of Israel.

This is quite puzzling, for the People of Israel only acknowledged that "Hashem is G-d, Hashem is G-d" (verse 39) only after the miracle had taken place! What possible merit did they have beforehand, when they were still worshiping idols?

The explanation is that the very fact of their willingness to think about the situation, to check themselves and their opinions and beliefs, and to consider returning to Hashem and not hop between Him and the idols – this very consent to check is the beginning of teshuvah. [When Eliyahu first presented the challenge, they did not argue; they merely listened passively. And when he told them the conditions of the challenge – "[whoever] answers with fire - He is God" – they agreed that this would be a good idea.]

That is, even before they abandoned their idol-worship altogether, their very agreement to listen to Eliyahu and to check the truth, this is the beginning of the teshuvah process. This is what the Jerusalem Talmud meant when it said that these Jews had the great merit of bringing down miraculous fire from the Heavens – because they had started to do teshuvah.

This, too, is our job during these days of Elul – and may G-d grant that we cleave to G-d and do proper teshuvah.